Melanoma is rare in children, but its incidence appears to be increasing. Melanoma accounts for the highest mortality among all skin cancer types. This disease is characterized by high-grade malignancy, easy metastasis, poor prognosis, and high death rate. Melanoma in children may be biologically different from that in adults. Therefore, novel biomarkers need to be developed to understand the mechanism by which melanoma cells migrate and infiltrate. Such biomarkers will also be useful for the molecular recognition and targeted therapy of melanoma. Ca ²⁺ regulates the migration, proliferation, infiltration, and metastasis of cancer cells. Consequently, many studies investigated the relationship of the Wnt/Ca ²⁺ signaling pathway to tumor occurrence and development. This review summarizes and discusses the function of the Wnt5a/Ca ²⁺ /calcineurin/nuclear factor of the activated T signaling pathway in melanoma and evaluates its potential to be a biomarker of pediatric melanoma.

Bladder cancer is a common malignant urinary tumor with a high rate of recurrence and quick progression, which threats human health. With the research on bladder cancer molecular genetics, the knowledge of gene modification and the development of molecular detection methods, more tumor markers have been discovered, which may have potential for early diagnosis, clinical examination and prognosis. This article reviews the research progress on bladder cancer molecular genetics.

Lung cancer is among the most prevalently occurring carcinomas worldwide, and reducing lung cancer mortality depends on early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the rapid development of molecular biology and modern techniques for diagnosis and treatment, the study of serum tumor markers has gained extensive application in early diagnosis, treatment effect monitoring, and prognosis evaluation. Serum tumor markers possess the advantages of easy detection, noninvasive operation, and cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the progress in the study of serum tumor markers of lung cancer.

Aurora kinase family is a group of serine/threonine protein kinase. It is the main regulator in mitosis, including centrosome regulation, spindle formation, and chromosome separation. Aurora-A is an oncogene that is highly expressed in various human tumors, including osteosarcoma. Its high expression level and malignance and tumor metastasis are correlated. Aurora-A is a potential tumor marker. The progress of Aurora-A kinase in tumor research is summarized in this article.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (Gadd45a) expression and its role in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45a distribution was detected by immunohistochemistry in tumor sections of 106 patients with primary OSCC and sections of adjacent pericancerous tissues from 60 patients among the 106. The association between the Gadd45a expression and clinical prognosis of OSCC were performed by statistical analysis. Gadd45a gene knockdown was performed in Tca8113 cells by small interfering ribonucleic acid treatment and its effects on cell cycle, and migration were detected by Flow Cytometric (Becton Dickinson, USA) and transwell chamber assay respectively. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that Gadd45a was redistributed to cytoplasm in poorly differentiated carcinoma from its nucleus location in normal tissue (P < 0.05). The expression of Gadd45a was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage and tumor histological grade (P < 0.05). Knockdown of Gadd45a gene abolished the G2/M arrest and increased migrating ability of Tca8113 cell (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Gadd45a play an important role in OSCC metastasis by affecting the bioactivity of the tumor cells, and its distribution may serve for the prediction of clinical outcome of OSCC.

Background: Melanoma is a leading cause of cancer death. Thus, accurate prognostic biomarkers that will assist rational treatment planning need to be identified. Methods: Microarray analysis of melanoma and normal tissue samples was performed to identify differentially expressed modules (DEMs) from the signaling network and ultimately detect molecular markers to support histological examination. Network motifs were extracted from the human signaling network. Then, significant expression-correlation differential modules were identified by comparing the network module expression-correlation differential scores under normal and disease conditions using the gene expression datasets. Finally, we obtained DEMs by the Wilcoxon rank test and considered the average gene expression level in these modules as the classification features for diagnosing melanoma. Results: In total, 99 functional DEMs were identified from the signaling network and gene expression profiles. The area under the curve scores for cancer module genes, melanoma module genes, and whole network modules are 92.4%, 90.44%, and 88.45%, respectively. The classification efficiency rates for nonmodule features are 71.04% and 79.38%, which correspond to the features of cancer genes and melanoma cancer genes, respectively. Finally, we acquired six significant molecular biomarkers, namely, module 10 (CALM3, Ca ²⁺ , PKC, PDGFRA, phospholipase-g, PIB5PA, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase), module 14 (SRC, Src homology 2 domain-containing [SHC], SAM68, GIT1, transcription factor-4, CBLB, GRB2, VAV2, LCK, YES, PTCH2, downstream of tyrosine kinase [DOK], and KIT), module 16 (ELK3, p85beta, SHC, ZFYVE9, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, CITED1, SH3KBP1, HCK, DOK, and KIT), module 45 (RB, CCND3, CCNA2, CDK4, and CDK6), module 75 (PCNA, CDK4, and CCND1), and module 114 (PSD93, NMDAR, and FYN). Conclusion: We explored the gene expression profile and signaling network in a global view and identified DEMs that can be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for melanoma.

Background: Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is an oral carcinoma prone to lymphatic metastasis. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) as important adhesion molecules play roles in regulating cell-cell adhesion and tumor cells metastasis. Materials and Methods: Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using anti-human D2-40 antibody. The expression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 in lymphatic vessels were measured by double immunofluorescence staining. Then both of the LVD and the expression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 were compared between in normal tongue and in OTSCC lymphatic vessels. In OTSCC, statistical analyses were performed to determine the prognostic correlation of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 levels. Results: LVD and expression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 in OTSCC lymphatic vessels was higher than those in normal tongue lymphatic vessels (LVD: 21.454 ± 7.022, 8.498 ± 1.679; ICAM-1: 30.241 ± 5.639%, 5.050 ± 1.227%; VCAM-1: 33.134 ± 5.127%, 2.113 ± 0.446%, in OTSCC, normal tongue tissues, respectively). High LVD and high ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 expression in lymphatic vessels was significantly associated with lymphatic node metastasis. Overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with high LVD and ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 expression in lymphatic vessels. Conclusions: LVD and expression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 in OTSCC was higher than that in normal tongue lymphatic vessels. Monitoring changes in the expression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 in lymphatic vessels may be a useful technique for assessing prognoses in OTSCC patients.

Objective: The serum level of Cyfra21-1 was always elevated in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the serum Cyfra21-1 as a biomarker in the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: All the articles associated with serum Cyfra21-1 in the diagnosis of NSCLC were searched in the PubMed, Medline, and CNKI databases. The number of patients for true positive, false positive, false negative and true negative were extracted from each individual study. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likely hood ratio (+lr), negative likely hood ratio (−lr), diagnosis odds ratio (dor) and summary receiver operating characteristic (sroc) curve were calculated by MetaDiSc 1.4 software. Results: After searching the databases, 17 studies with 4221 subjects were met the inclusion criteria and finally included in this meta-analysis. The pooled diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, +lr, −lr and dor were 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70-0.73), 0.94 (95%CI: 0.93-0.95), 8.81 (95%CI: 6.36-12.22), 0.42 (95%CI: 0.32-0.55) and 22.57 (95%CI: 13.89-36.68) respectively. The area under the sroc curve was 0.95. And significant publication bias was found in this meta-analysis (P = 0.049). Conclusion: With published data, the serum Cyfra21-1 was a useful biomarker for diagnosis of NSCLC.Objective: The serum level of Cyfra21-1 was always elevated in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the serum Cyfra21-1 as a biomarker in the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: All the articles associated with serum Cyfra21-1 in the diagnosis of NSCLC were searched in the PubMed, Medline, and CNKI databases. The number of patients for true positive, false positive, false negative and true negative were extracted from each individual study. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likely hood ratio (+lr), negative likely hood ratio (−lr), diagnosis odds ratio (dor) and summary receiver operating characteristic (sroc) curve were calculated by MetaDiSc 1.4 software. Results: After searching the databases, 17 studies with 4221 subjects were met the inclusion criteria and finally included in this meta-analysis. The pooled diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, +lr, −lr and dor were 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70-0.73), 0.94 (95%CI: 0.93-0.95), 8.81 (95%CI: 6.36-12.22), 0.42 (95%CI: 0.32-0.55) and 22.57 (95%CI: 13.89-36.68) respectively. The area under the sroc curve was 0.95. And significant publication bias was found in this meta-analysis (P = 0.049). Conclusion: With published data, the serum Cyfra21-1 was a useful biomarker for diagnosis of NSCLC.

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the influence of interleukin (IL)-4-590 C/T gene polymorphism in the susceptibility to nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), whether the environment also affects genetic polymorphisms. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 500 NSCLC patients and 500 healthy controls, matched on age and gender. The single nucleotide polymorphisms distributed in IL-4 gene were selected for genotyping. The association between genotype and NSCLC risk was evaluated by computing the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval with multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses. Results: The allele frequencies were not associated with NSCLC regardless of histological type or gender. The genotype distributions were similar between cases and controls, between adenocarcinoma patients and controls, and between male squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) patients and male controls. However, genotype (C/C + C/T) frequencies polymorphism of rs2243250 were different between female SCC patients and female controls. Conclusions: These results suggest that environmental agents might have the potential for interacting with human genetic polymorphisms in NSCLC. IL-4-590 C/T polymorphism (C/C + C/T frequencies) may be a potential susceptibility marker for female SCC patients in China.

Objective: Bone metastasis was common in patients with malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) as a biomarker in the diagnosis of osseous metastases in patients with cancers. Methods: We searched the databases of Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Medline, CNKI and Wanfang to screen the relevant articles about the serum B-ALP detection in the diagnosis of osseous metastases in patients with malignant carcinomas. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve were calculated by STATA12.0 software. Results: Nineteen trials with 3 268 subjects were finally included in this study. The mean level of serum B-ALP was 41.50 ± 26.61 μg/L (216.90 ± 139.00U/L) in patients with osseous metastases and 14.49 ± 5.52 μg/L (103.30 ± 39.44 U/L) in patients without osseous metastases. The serum level of B-ALP was significant higher in the osseous metastases group than that in the control group (P < 0.05); The pooled sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of osseous metastases were 0.74 with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.62-0.83 and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.67-0.89), respectively. The area under the SRCO was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89). Conclusion: Serum B-ALP can be a promising biomarker for detection of osseous metastases in patients with cancers.

Purpose: The aim was to explore the efficacy and safety of ultrasonography-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for cervical lymph node metastases from thyroid carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Eight patients with previous total thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy were enrolled in this study. A total of 20 cervical lymph node metastases were confirmed by percutaneous biopsy. Participants underwent ultrasonography-guided RFA treatment for all confirmed metastatic lymph nodes. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and sonoelastography were performed to rapidly evaluate treatment responses before and shortly after RFA. Routine follow-up consisted of conventional US, CEUS, sonoelastography, thyroglobulin level, and necessary fine needle aspiration cytology. Results: All eight patients were successfully treated without obvious complications. Post-RFA CEUS showed that total metastatic lymph nodes were ablated. The sonoelastographic score of ablated area elevated significantly shortly after RFA (P < 0.001). With a mean follow-up of 9.4 ± 5.1 months, there were no evidences of recurrence at ablated sites; however, two new cervical recurrent lymph nodes occurred in one case, which was successfully ablated as well. The mass volume shrinkages of the ablated nodes were observed in all cases. We found that 5 treated lymph nodes disappeared, 4 were reduced more than 80%, 9 were reduced between 50% and 80%, and 2 were reduced less than 50%. At the last follow-up evaluation, the serum thyroglobulin levels had decreased in 6 of 8 patients. Conclusion: Ultrasonography-guided percutaneous RFA for cervical lymph node metastasis of thyroid malignancy is a feasible, effective, and safe therapy. This procedure shows a nonsurgical therapeutic option for metastatic lymph nodes in patients with difficult reoperations or inoperations, it may reduce or delay a large number of highly invasive repeated neck dissections.

Objective: The aim was to detect the consistency of the BRAF gene mutation in peripheral blood and tumor tissue of patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer and discuss the clinical application value of BRAF gene mutation in peripheral blood. Materials and Methods: Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to test the tissues in 257 patients of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the peripheral blood samples in 318 patients of NSCLC, of which 185 cases of peripheral blood specimens could match the tissue samples, and detected the BRAF gene mutation in them by comparison of mutations consistency in blood and tissue samples, and analyzed the correlation between BRAF gene mutations and clinical characteristics of patients. Results: The BRAF gene mutation rate was 7.23% in peripheral blood of 23 patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer, and was 5.45% in 14 cancer tissues, the mutation consistency was 80.00% in peripheral blood-tumor tissue matched samples. The consistency was statistically significant (k =0.710, P = 0.000). Conclusion: The consistency of the BRAF gene mutation in peripheral blood and tissue is high. BRAF gene mutations of peripheral blood could be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment in cases when tissue specimen is hard to get.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential use of icotinib as first-line treatment to prevent brain metastasis from advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods: This investigation was designed as a retrospective nonrandomized controlled study. Enrolled patients received either icotinib or traditional chemotherapy as their first-line treatment. The therapeutic efficacy was compared among patients with advanced (stages IIIB and IV) lung adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-sensitive mutation. The primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence of brain metastasis, whereas the secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Death without brain metastasis was considered a competitive risk to calculate the cumulative risk of brain metastasis. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and statistical significance were determined using the log-rank test. Results: The present study included 396 patients with 131 in the icotinib group and 265 in the chemotherapy group. Among those with EGFR-sensitive mutation, the cumulative risk of brain metastasis was lower in the icotinib group than in the chemotherapy group. However, no significant difference in OS was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Icotinib can effectively reduce the incidence of brain metastasis and therefore improve prognosis in advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR-sensitive mutation.

Background: The clinical and prognostic significance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains inconsistent. To clarify a precise determinant of the clinical significance of CRP, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the overall risk of elevated CRP for survival in NSCLC. Materials and Methods: Related studies were identified and evaluated for quality through multiple search strategies. Data were collected from studies comparing overall survival in patients with elevated CRP levels and those having lower levels. The meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager version 5.2 (RevMan; the Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, England). The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. Results: Eight eligible studies involved 1649 patients were ultimately identified. Combined HRs suggested that elevated CRP had an unfavorable impact on survival of patients with NSCLC. The HRs (95% CI) was 1.55 (1.19-2.01) overall, 1.78 (1.33-2.38) in Asian patients, 1.33 (1.00-1.77) in non-Asian patients, 1.78 (1.47-2.15) in primary resectable NSCLC, 1.28 (0.95-1.73) in primary unresectable NSCLC, 1.78 (1.33-2.38) in group of cut-off value <5 mg/L, 1.33 (1.00-1.77) in group of cut-off value ≥10 mg/L. Conclusions: With the available evidence, CRP might serve as an efficient prognostic indicator in NSCLC. This marker should be taken into consideration in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic program for NSCLC.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumor genesis. miRNA dysregulation has been widely studied and demonstrated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Materials and Methods: We applied a newly proposed method for selecting miRNAs that discriminate between healthy controls and cancers. We initially extracted different miRNAs and mRNAs and then selected miRNA-mRNA dysregulation pairs. The pathways that involved mRNAs were acquired according to the functional enrichment. We integrated the miRNAs, mRNAs, and pathways and constructed the miRNA-mRNA pathway relationships based on the derived significant miRNAs. Results: We acquired 566 antiregulated miRNA-mRNA pairs including 56 miRNAs and 485 mRNAs. Three significant pathways related to ccRCC, namely, arginine and proline metabolism, aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, and oxidative phosphorylation, were observed. Based on the miRNA-mRNA pathway relationships, five significant miRNAs were identified as potential biomarkers: hsa-miR-425, hsa-miR-136, hsa-miR-335, hsa-miR-340, and hsa-miR-320d. Conclusion: This integrative network approach revealed important miRNAs in the ccRCC that can identify specific disease biomarkers, which can be used as targets for cancer treatment.

Aim: Circulating microRNAs (miRNA) are a promising diagnostic tool for lung and gastric cancer. However, their diagnostic value in nasopharyngeal cancer remains unknown. Thus, this study aims to systematically evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of circulating miRNA for nasopharyngeal cancer. Method: Eligible studies were searched and selected from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Results from these included studies were pooled using random-effects models. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to assess the overall performance of miRNA-based assay. Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the overall diagnostic accuracy of circulating miRNA detection. Results: Seven publications were considered eligible for this systematic review, and four studies were finally chosen for this meta-analysis. In the diagnostic meta-analysis, the overall pooled results for sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and DOR were 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.90), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82-0.91), 7.529 (95% CI, 2.575-22.013), 0.145 (95% CI, 0.058-0.363), and 64.045 (95% CI, 10.176-403.10), respectively. The area under SROC curve was 0.95. Conclusion: Circulating miRNA detection presents an enormous potential in diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer. Studies with a large sample size of nasopharyngeal cancer patients must be conducted to verify the diagnostic value of circulating miRNA.

Background: Serum tumor markers (TMs) were seldom reported in esophageal carcinoma (ESCC), and the results were still unsatisfactory. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed carcinoembryonic antigen, CA125, CA199, CA724 and CA242 in ESCC patients. The preliminary relations between serum TMs and clinicopathological factors or prognosis were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier method firstly. Then, the cut-off values of these serum TMs were delimited according to lymph node metastasis, hematogenic metastasis and 2-year survival or 5-year survival of ESCC by receiver operating characteristic curve. Based on these cut-off values, the relations between the serum TMs and clinicopathological factors or prognosis were analyzed again. Univariate and multivariate analyses of Cox regression proportional hazard model were performed to evaluate the prognostic parameters for survival. Results: We chose 13.65 U/mL, 9.945 U/mL and 6.25 U/mL as new cut-off values of CA125, CA199 and CA724, respectively, and chose 25.35 U/mL as the cut-off value of CA125 for ESCC hematogenous metastasis. with these optimal cut-off values, CA199, CA125 and CA724 were associated with ESCC hematogenous metastasis, and CA199 and CA125 were associated with ESCC lymph node metastasis, but not associated with other clinicopathological factors. The prognosis was better in patients with CA125 ≤ 13.65 U/mL than those with CA125 > 13.65U/mL. Vascular tumor thrombus, grading, T grade, lymph node metastasis and CA125 were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: CA125 could predict lymph node metastasis, hematogenic metastasis and prognosis with the cut-off value 13.65 U/mL.

Introduction: This study aims to identify protein clusters with potential functional relevance in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metastatic hepatic carcinoma using network analysis. Materials and Methods: We used human protein interaction data to build a protein-protein interaction network with Cytoscape and then derived functional clusters using MCODE. Combining the gene expression profiles, we calculated the functional scores for the clusters and selected statistically significant clusters. Meanwhile, Gene Ontology was used to assess the functionality of these clusters. Finally, a support vector machine was trained on the gold standard data sets. Results: The differentially expressed genes of HCC were mainly involved in metabolic and signaling processes. We acquired 13 significant modules from the gene expression profiles. The area under the curve value based on the differentially expressed modules were 98.31%, which outweighed the classification with DEGs. Conclusions: Differentially expressed modules are valuable to screen biomarkers combined with functional modules.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the association between uridine diphosphate glucuronide transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene promoter region polymorphism and irinotecan-related adverse effects and efficacy on recurrent and refractory small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Materials and Methods: A total of 31 patients with recurrent and refractory SCLC were enrolled in this study from June 2012 to August 2013 and received at least two cycles of single-agent irinotecan chemotherapy. The efficacy and adverse effects of irinotecan were evaluated. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and direct sequencing method was employed to test UGT1A1*28 polymorphism, thus analyzing the correlation between UGT1A1*28 polymorphism and irinotecan-related side-effects and efficacy. Results: A total of 25 cases (80.6%) were UGT1A1*28 wild-type (TA) ₆ /(TA) ₆ ; 6 cases (19.4%) were heterozygous mutant (TA) ₆ /(TA) ₇ , no homozygous mutant genotype (TA) ₇ /(TA) ₇ was found. The incidences of grade 3/4 neutropenia, diarrhea and thrombocytopenia were 35.5%, 25.8% and 22.6% in all the patients, respectively. The incidence of 3/4 adverse effects in patients with genotype (TA) ₆ /(TA) ₆ and heterozygous (TA) ₆ /(TA) ₇ had no statistical difference (P > 0.05 for all). The overall response rate (ORR) was 32.3%. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 4 months and 7.5 months in all patients, respectively. There was no statistical difference in ORR, PFS and OS between genotype (TA) ₆ /(TA) ₆ patients and heterozygous (TA) ₆ /(TA) ₇ patients. Conclusion: Irinotecan showed efficacy in patients with recurrent and refractory SCLC; UGT1A1 * 28 polymorphism failed to predict the incidence of serious adverse effects and efficacy of irinotecan.

Objective: Many studies have reported the role of glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GST M1) polymorphism with ovary cancer risk, but the results remained controversial. Materials and Methods: To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the association between GSTM1 polymorphism and ovary cancer risk. A total of 11 studies including 2709 cases and 3599 controls were also involved in this meta-analysis. Results: When all the eligible studies were pooled into this meta-analysis, no significant association between ovary cancer risk and GSTM1 polymorphism was found (OR = 1.010, 95% CI = 0.911-1.121, P _{heterogeneity} = 0.174, P = 0.848). Discussion: Our meta-analysis supports that the GSTM1 polymorphism is not contributed to the risk of ovary cancer from currently available evidence.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the association between p-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression and response to chemotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma. Materials and Methods: We searched and included the openly published articles evaluated the correlation between Pgp expression and response to chemotherapy. The odds ratio (OR) of response rate for Pgp positive group versus Pgp negative group was aggregated by random or fixed effect model. Results: Twelve studies were included in our meta-analysis. The mean Pgp positive rate was 0.39 ± 0.10 with its range of (0.14-0.53). The summary response rate was 0.46 ± 0.16 in Pgp positive and 0.57 ± 0.27 in the Pgp negative group, with no statistical difference between two groups (P > 0.05). The pooled OR of response rate for Pgp positive group versus Pgp negative group was 0.75 with its 95% confidence interval of 0.47-1.22, indicating there was no association between Pgp expression and response to chemotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma. Conclusion: The present evidence indicated that there was no association between p-glycoprotein expression and chemotherapy response in patients with osteosarcoma.

Objective: The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677 > T polymorphisms and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) risk in Asia is controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to further assess the relationship between MTHFR C677 > T polymorphisms and pediatric ALL for Chinese children. Materials and Methods: Studies about the MTHFR C677 > T polymorphisms and pediatric ALL risk were searched in the Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang and CNIK databases. The genotype of the case and control group were extracted and pooled by meta-analysis. The association between ALL risk and C677 > T polymorphisms was demonstrated by odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Twelve articles were included in this study with 1803 ALL cases and 4146 controls. In recessive genetic model (TT vs. CC + CT), the OR was 0.37 (95%CI: 0.31-0.43); in dominant genetic model (TT + CT vs. CC) the OR was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.82-1.06); and in the homozygous model the OR was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.69-1.03). Conclusion: The results indicated that Asian children with TT genotype of MTHFR gene may have less risk of developing ALL.

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical value of serum cytokeratin-19-fragment (cyfra21-1) as a biomarker in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Sixty-six patients with NSCLC and 48 cases with benign lung disease were retrospectively analyzed in the department of thoracic surgery in our hospital. The serum level of cyfra21-1 was detected in the above patients. The diagnosis sensitivity, specificity and the receiver operating characteristic curve were calculated by using the stata11.0 statistical software to evaluate the clinical diagnosis value of serum Cyfra21-1 as NSCLC serologic biomarker. Results: The mean of serum cyfra21-1 were 8.95 eat. 01 μ/L and 4.28 eat. 89 μ/L in NSCLC patient and control groups respectively, which indicated that the NSCLC group were much higher (P < 0.05). The diagnosis sensitivity and specificity were 77.08% and 63.64% at the threshold of 6.32 μ/L respectively. Moreover, the area under the curve was 0.78 (95% confidence interval: 0.70-0.87). Conclusion: Serum cyfra21-1 can be a potential serologic biomarker in evaluation of NSCLC.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value of urine Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) test in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by pooling the published data. Methods: The clinical trials about urine PCA3 test in the diagnosis of prostate cancer were searched in the PubMed (January, 1966-July, 2014). Cochrane library (Section 3, 2013), CNKI (March, 1994-July, 2014). All relevant prospective studies of urine PCA3 test in the diagnosis of prostate cancer were screened. The aggregated sensitivity, specificity, positive likely hood ratio (+LR), negative likely hood ratio (−LR), diagnosis odds ratio (DOR) and area under the area under curve (AUC) were calculated by using Meta-disc 1.4 and STATA 11.0 statistic software. Results: Finally, a total of 13 trials including 3245 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, +LR, −LR, DOR and AUC were 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.65), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.73-0.76), 6.16 (95% CI: 3.39-11.21), 0.50 (95% CI: 0.43-0.59), 5.49 (95% CI: 3.76-8.019) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.71-0.78), respectively. Conclusion: Urine PCA3 test has acceptable sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, which can be used as non-invasive method for diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Objective: To further evaluation the diagnosis accuracy of serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in Chinese patients. Materials and Methods: The PubMed, Wanfang and CNKI databases were electric searched and relevant diagnosis trials were reviewed and finally included in this meta-analysis. The diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, positive likely hood ratio (+LR), negative likely hood ratio (−LR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and receiver operating characteristic curve were pooled by Meta DiSc 1.4 software. Results: Nineteen studies with a total of 2426 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, +LR, −LR and DOR were 0.75 (95% confidence interval = 0.73-0.78), 0.80 (0.77-0.82), 4.52 (3.27-6.26), 0.31 (0.28-0.35) and 15.76 (10.45-23.75) respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84. Conclusion: Serum CA125 was potential biomarker for diagnosis of ovarian cancer with acceptable diagnosis value.

Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the diagnosis value of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) in stool as a biomarker for diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: By searching the databases of Cochrane Library, PubMed, China national knowledge Information and Wanfang, the diagnosis study related to tumor M2-PK in stool as a biomarker for diagnosis of colorectal cancer were screened and included in this study. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (−LR) and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were calculated by stata 11.0 software. Results: According to the including criteria, 14 trials including 1990 subjects were finally included in this meta-analysis. The pooled diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, +LR, −LR and area under curve were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.81), 0.77 (95% CI: 0.76-0.79), 4.38 (95% CI: 3.27-5.88), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.23-0.34) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.834-0.89). No statistical publication bias was found in this study. Conclusion: Tumor M2-PK in stool can be a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer with relative high sensitivity and specificity.

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of computed tomography (CT)-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) from Mandibular notch and under the zygomatic arch for pathological diagnosis of recurrence nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods: Between October 2007 and December 2013, 48 patients with suspected recurrent NPC underwent CT-guided FNAB. A modified coaxial technique was used in all cases, and multiple samples were obtained for histological studies. Results: We obtained a definite histological diagnosis with 87.5% (42/48) overall diagnostic accuracy. In 42 patients the needle aspirate confirmed a clinical suspicion of recurrent disease and the histologic finding was positive (10 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 3 cases of adenocarcinoma, finding tumor cells tend to squamous cell carcinoma in 24 patients and undifferentiated carcinoma in 5 patients). In the six cases of "no tumor seen" confirmation was made by clinical and imaging follow-up showing 2 tumor relapse and 4 fibrillation. Conclusion: CT-guided FNAB from Mandibular notch and under the zygomatic arch is a safe and accurate technique useful for pathological diagnosis of recurrence NPC after RT.