Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly evolutionarily conserved noncoding small RNAs, which were first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans. There are 1100 or more miRNAs have been identified in Homo sapiens. Let-7 miRNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression in cells. Several novel factors and feedback loops involved in the regulation of the synthesis of let-7 have been identified and additional let-7 target genes have been found. Let-7 has also been shown to be significantly correlated with the occurrence and development of cancer and the results of preliminary studies suggest that it is involved in the regulation of oncogenic pathways in numerous types of tumors, such as, LC. As let-7 is a potential molecular target for tumor therapy, a mass of studies have been conducted focus on the relationship between let-7 and LC. With the mechanism becoming revealed, more and more groups are looking for the anti-tumor role of let-7 family in anti-tumor therapy development. In this review, we summarize the newest investigations on let-7 and LC, the regulation of let-7 and its targets gene have been discussed, and the attempts for new therapy for LC have also been summarized.

Recent advances in genome-wide sequencing and gene expression profiling technologies has facilitated the discovery of a huge amount of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts. In general, these lncRNAs have been reported to participate in multiple biological processes and human diseases through transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic pathway. Furthermore, emerging evidence has suggested that dysregulation of lncRNA contributes to the development and progression of human malignancies, notably lung cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. In this review, we will summarize the functions of lncRNAs from recent reports in human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) research, especially in the metastasis of NSCLC, and highlight the future opportunities and challenges in diagnostics and therapy of NSCLC patients.

Breast cancer is a famous malignant tumor which is caused by varieties of mutation in multiple genes. In order to detect breast cancer in an earlier time and take appropriate treatment which includes  predicting treatment efficacy, we need a more accurate method of discovering the occurrence of breast cancer. With the development of molecular biology and biological detection technologies continue to emerge, molecular markers of breast cancer have gaining more and more widespread attention, and combining with molecular markers of breast cancer in clinical characteristic of individual treatment for breast cancer has become possible. In this paper, we will focus on the advances about molecular markers associated with treatment efficacy in recent years.

Aims: To evaluate prognosis and its related factors in patients of pT3N0M0 thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Subjects and Methods: From January 2008 to December 2009, 249 patients of stage T3N0M0 thoracic ESCC were treated with two-field esophagectomy. Among them, 171 males and 78 females; the median age was 60 years old (range 33-78 years). Site of lesion: 39 in upper-, 166 in middle-, and 44 patients in lower-thoracic esophagus; the median length of lesion was 5 cm (range 2-12 cm); the degree of adhesion during surgery: No adhesions in 35, mild adhesions in 90, and severe adhesions in 124 patients; the median number of dissected lymph node (LN) was 9 (range 1-27). Ninety-eight patients are treated with surgery alone, 151 patients with postoperative adjuvant treatment (20 with radiotherapy, 110 with chemotherapy, and 21 patients with radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 statistical software. Results: Follow-up deadline was July 2013. The 1-, 3-, 5-year overall survival (OS) were 90.0%, 68.7% and 55.2%; Univariate analysis identified gender, location of lesion, differentiation of pathology and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were prognostic factors for OS (P < 0.05); multivariate analysis showed, location of lesion, Hb levels, mediastinal small LN (<1 cm in diameter) in computed tomography (CT) image before surgery, and number of removed LN were independent prognostic factors for OS. The 1-, 3-, 5-year progress-free survival (PFS) were 82.1%, 61.7%, and 53.9%; univariate analysis identified, age, site of lesion and degree of adhesion during surgery were associated with PFS (P < 0.05); multivariate analysis showed, site of lesion was the only independent prognostic factor. Postoperative adjuvant therapy did not effect on OS and PFS. Conclusion: For patients of pT3N0M0 thoracic ESCC, the independent factors were the site of a lesion for OS and PFS, Hb levels, small LN in CT, and number of removed LN for OS. The value of postoperative adjuvant therapy need be further proved.

Objective: Identification of novel biomarkers and related molecular pathways are critical for understanding the underlying biology of human malignancies, as well as to design effective cancer therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are classified as a kind of short non-coding RNAs that interfere with specific target mRNAs and therefore regulate multiple biological processes. We characterized here the expression and function of miR-542-3p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: Real-time PCR was used to examine the miR-542-3p expression. After transfections of its synthetical mimics or inhibitor, cell growth rate was explored by cell counting assay. In addition, its expression was further statistically analyzed to reveal its association with clinical characters. Results: We show that miR-542-3p, a well-characterized tumor suppressor was significantly decreased in ESCC tissues and cell lines, whose downregulation is tightly associated with tumor grade. Furthermore, forced expression of miR-542-3p suppressed cell proliferation, while silencing its expression by a synthetical inhibitor could enhance cell growth rate. Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicated that miR-542-3p is a tumor suppressor of esophageal cancer acting at steps that regulate cell growth.

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and prognosis of breast-conserving surgery versus modified radical mastectomy in the treatment of early stage breast cancer. Patients and Methods: Two hundred and nineteen cases of early stage breast cancer were reviewed and retrospectively included in this study form two hospitals (Quzhou hospitalof Zhejiang university and Quzhou Traditional Chinese Hospital). The characteristics of operation procedure such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. And the prognosis was recurrence rate was also compared to the two groups. Results: For the included 219 early breast cancer cases, 107 subjects received the breast-conserving operation, and other 112 cases received the modified radical mastectomy. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and length of hospital stay were (56.7 ± 14.6) min, (39.2 ± 10.1) ml, (12.1 ± 2.1) day in the breast-conserving group and (95.6 ± 1 3.5) min, (79.5 ± 13.6) ml, (14.8 ± 3.2) day in the modified radical mastectomy group respectively. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and length of hospital stay were smaller in the breast-conserving group as compared with modified radical mastectomy group with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The overall survival was compared with Kaplan-Meier curve by using log-rank test for the hazard ratio (HR). And the HR was 0.75 with its 95% confidence interval of 0.38-1.48, which indicated that no statistical difference of overall survival was existed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The breast-conserving operation was superior to modified radical mastectomy in the aspects of operation time, intraoperative blood loss and length of hospital stay.

Background: To evaluate the role of nimotuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through progress-free survival, changes in tumor marker expression and adverse drug reactions. Materials and Methods: A total of 59 NSCLC patients were randomized into two groups. The treatment group (n = 30) received nimotuzumab (200 mg) with docetaxel (60 mg/m ² ) and carboplatin (area under curve = 5), whereas the control group (n = 29) received chemotherapy at the same dosage. All patients received two cycles of treatment lasting for 42 days. The serum tumor biomarker levels were measured on the day before treatment and at 60 days after treatment. Results: The efficacy of treatment for the treatment and control groups were 36.7% and 27.6%, respectively; this difference was not statistically significant. However, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly prolonged by 1 month in the treatment group. Peripheral blood CYFRA21-1 decreased significantly during treatment with a more extensive decrease in the treatment group, although the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. The neuron-specific enolase levels significantly decreased across all 59 patients. The carcinoembryonic antigen levels decreased significantly in the treatment group, but remained stable in the control group throughout the treatment period. Nimotuzumab was well tolerated by patients with only three cases of Grades I and II skin rash and no other toxic symptoms. Conclusion: Nimotuzumab with docetaxel and carboplatin can enhance the short-term clinical efficacy by extending the duration of PFS and was generally well tolerated by patients.

Background: A great deal of research have been performed to explore the prognostic value of programed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in solid tumors in last decades. However, the results still remain inconsistent. To clarify a precise determinant of the clinical significance of PD-L1, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the overall risk of PD-L1 on survival for patients with solid tumors. Materials and Methods: Related studies were identified through multiple search strategies from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Data were collected from studies comparing overall survival (OS) in patients with positive PD-L1 and those having a negative expression. The meta-analysis was performed by Stata version 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. Results: A total of 14 eligible studies involved 2916 patients were included in our meta-analysis. A summary HRs of all studies and subgroup HRs were calculated. The combined HRs suggested that a positive PD-L1 expression had an unfavorable impact on OS (1.67, 95% CI 1.30-2.16; P < 0.001). Similar results were also observed in subgroup analysis, according to tumor types, regions, patients' number, and publication year. Conclusion: With the available evidence, PD-L1 might serve as an efficient prognostic indicator in solid tumor and may represent the important new therapeutic target. More prospective studies are now needed to confirm the clinical utility of PD-L1 as an independent prognostic marker.

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a frequently occurring cancer with poor prognosis despite combined therapeutic strategies. The aim of the current study was to elucidate a further finding on the clinicopathologic significance of immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in Chinese patients with ESCC. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded surgically resected tumor samples were obtained from 140 randomly selected Chinese patients with ESCC. Sections were immunohistochemically stained for COX-2, VEGF, and EGFR. The correlations between clinicopathological features and the high expression of COX-2, VEGF, and EGFR were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 19.0 software (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: In the present study, high expression of COX-2, EGFR, and VEGF was found in 64.3%, 62.1%, and 65.0%, respectively. Results showed that COX-2 overexpression was significantly correlated with degree of differentiation (P = 0.000), and lymph node metastasis (negative/positive, P = 0.002). EGFR and VEGF overexpression was significantly correlated with a differentiated degree, T stage, N stage, and tumor, node, metastases stage. Conclusion: High expression of COX-2, EGFR, and VEGF is an unfavorable prognostic factor in ESCC, and could be used as a poor prognosis indicator for the ESCC patients. Targeting therapy to these three targets should be considered to the combined treatment in ESCC.

Purpose: Genetic polymorphisms of ribonucleotidereductase M1 (RRM1) was a DNA repair gene, which may affect patients' response to platinum-based chemotherapy or gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. We retrospectively assessed whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of RRM1 can be used to predict overall survival (OS), progression free survival and response in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based regimens as first-line chemotherapy. Subjects and Methods: The genotypes of four tagSNPs (RRM1 -316C > A, RRM1 -269C > A, RRM1 -702G > A and RRM1 -585T > G) were determined by SNaPshot detection technology and sequencing approaches in 184 advanced NSCLC patients by using peripheral blood. Results: The overall response rate for 178 patients was 40.2% and the disease control rate was 90.2%. In patients who had ever smoked, a significant correlation was observed between the genotype of RRM1 -269C > A and response (P = 0.046). There was a significant difference in response according to the genotype of RRM1 -702G > A (P = 0.043). Using Log-rank test, we found that patients with the allelotype (CC) of RRM1 -269C > A had a shorter OS (P = 0.006) than the allelotype (CA + AA). Conclusion: The genotype of RRM1 -269C > A was significantly associated with platinum-based chemotherapy sensitivity in smoking patients and can be used to predict OS in advanced NSCLC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy or gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. And the genotype of RRM1 -702G > A can serve as a biomarker for chemotherapy sensitivity in advanced NSCLC patients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in breast cancer tissue and normal breast tissue in breast cancer patients and whether it was correlated with clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: Seventy-six breast cancer patients were retrospectively analyzed in the patient database of our hospital. The expression of STAT3 in 30 normal breast tissues and 76 breast carcinoma tissues of breast cancer patients was determined using immunohistochemical staining assay. The clinical characteristics such as age, tumor diameter, clinical stage, pathology grade, and lymph node metastasis were recorded by two authors. The correlation of STAT3 expression and clinical parameters were analyzed by Chi-square test with Stata version 11.0 software. Results: The positive expression of STAT3 in normal breast tissues (23%) was significantly lower than that in breast carcinoma (66%) (P < 0.05). The expression of STAT3 in breast carcinoma was significantly associated with the clinical stage (P < 0.05), differentiation (P < 0.05), and lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The positive expression rate of STAT3 was higher in breast cancer tissue compared to normal breast tissue, which was correlated with clinical stage, tumor differentiation, and lymph metastasis.

Objective: The relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility is controversial according to the case-control or cohort study. We perform this meta-analysis to evaluate the association between MTHFR 677C>T polymorphisms and lung cancer risk based on Chinese Han population. Materials and Methods: We searched the databases of Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, and CNIK to find the case-control or cohort study about the relationship between MTHFR 677C>T polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility. The genotype of CC, CT, and TT for the lung cancer patients and healthy controls were extracted and aggregated by meta-analysis method. The relationship between MTHFR 677C>T polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility was assessed by odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we finally included 14 case-control studies, with 2845 lung cancer patients and 3691 healthy controls in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed the OR were 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93-1.13), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.60-0.73), and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.07-1.47) in recessive genetic model, dominant genetic model, and homozygous model, respectively. Conclusion: Chinese Han people with TT/CT genotype of MTHFR gene may have increased the risk of developing breast cancer.

Objective: To detect the consistency of the c-MET gene amplification in peripheral blood and tumor tissue of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and discuss the clinical application value of c-MET gene amplification in peripheral blood. Materials and Methods: Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to test the tissues in 257 patients of NSCLCs and the peripheral blood samples in 318 patients of NSCLC, of which 185 cases of peripheral blood specimens could match the tissue samples, and detected the c-MET gene amplification in them by comparison of amplifications consistency in blood and tissue samples, and analyzed the correlation between c-MET gene amplification and clinical characteristics of patients. Results: The c-MET gene amplification rate was 9.75% in peripheral blood of 31 patients with NSCLC, and was 8.95% in 23 cancer tissues, the amplification consistency, was 81.25% in peripheral blood-tumor tissue matched samples. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The consistency of the c-MET gene amplification in peripheral blood and tissue is high. c-MET gene amplification of peripheral blood could be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment in cases when tissue specimen is hard to get.

Context: Breast cancer becomes more prevalent with advancing age. The increased risk of breast cancer needs to be considered when choosing a treatment plan and a kind of detection method for the postmenopausal woman. Better breast cancer prognostication may improve selection of patients for adjuvant therapy. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of serum protein peak 3144 m/z in postmenopausal breast cancer patients, whether if it could be used as a potential prognostic tool. Settings and Design: Two hundred and two postmenopausal breast cancer patients were involved in this retrospective study at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. Subjects and Methods: Serum level of protein peak 3144 m/z was assessed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Statistical Analysis Used: Prognostic factors were compared across subgroups of patients depending on the protein peak 3144 m/z levels by Chi-square test. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors. Results: The percentage of cases with higher 3144 m/z protein peak was 32.7% (66/202) in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. The serum protein peak 3144 m/z was positively related to lymph node metastasis. Patients with higher protein peak 3144 m/z had significantly poorer overall survival compared with patients with lower serum protein peak 3144 m/z (P = 0.0053). Multivariate regression analysis also revealed that protein peak 3144 m/z was an independent prognostic factor in postmenopausal breast cancer patients (borderline, P = 0.064). Conclusions: The protein peak 3144 m/z was a potential prognostic factor, and it could be used as a prognostic monitoring tool in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.

Background: Mucin 13 (MUC13) and Mucin 20 (MUC20) are high molecular weight transmembrane O-linked glycoprotein secreted by epithelium and are widely overexpressed in epithelial tumor cells. Previously, it has been reported that MUC13 and MUC20 were prognostic molecular biomarkers of some epithelial tumors, but few has studied the relations between MUC13 or MUC20 expression and the prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Thus, the aim of our study was to explore this issue. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of MUC13 and MUC20 in 186 patients with ESCC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. We analyzed the correlations between MUC13 or MUC20 expression and long-term survival of these patients. Results: The expression of MUC13 and MUC20 in ESCC mainly occurred in the cytoplasm. Among the 186 subjects, 53.8% had high MUC13 expression and 38.2% had high MUC20 expression. Univariate analysis showed that neither MUC13 nor MUC20 was significantly associated with long-term survival. When combining expression of MUC13 with MUC20, we found that the median survival time of patients with low MUC13/high MUC20 expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with high MUC13/low MUC20 expression (27.7  months vs. 59.5 months, P = 0.021). Multivariate analysis showed that combination of MUC13/MUC20 expression was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratios = 0.531, 95% confidence interval: 0.299-0.944, P = 0.031). Conclusion: A combination of MUC13/MUC20 expression was a potential prognostic marker for patients with ESCC, who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.

Objective: To explore characteristic gene mutations in nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and sensitivity to Tarceva therapy; to observe the efficacy and safety of Tarceva therapy for NSCLC patients with wild-type EGFR. Materials and Methods: NSCLC patients with wild-type EGFR and KRAS were selected. Their tumor specimens were assessed for mutations in seven key genes in pathways downstream of EGFR, including HRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, AKT1, MEK1, and PTEN. Then the patients were  subjected to Tarceva therapy to explore the relationship between curative effects and any gene mutations. Results: Among 10 cases, one NRAS mutation was detected in one patient who was resistant to Tarceva, and no mutations were detected in the other patients. Seven cases responded to Tarceva; 1 case obtained partial relief, and 6 cases were in stable condition. Conclusion: Patients with wild-type EGFR can also benefit from Tarceva therapy. However, an association between Tarceva therapy sensitivity and mutations in genes downstream of EGFR was not detected.

Objective: To investigate the predictors and impact of cytotoxic second-line chemotherapy for stage IIIa-IV nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in China. Methods: Medical records of 132 patients who underwent chemotherapy from January 2008 to December 2010 in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The response of first-line gemcitabine (GEM) and platinum doublets chemotherapy was evaluated, and the overall survival (OS) of all patients was followed. Further, risk factors of receipt cytotoxic second-line chemotherapy or not were identified and evaluated by univariate analyses. Results: Sixty-six cases have undergone cytotoxic second-line chemotherapy for lung cancer. The OS between patients received first-line GEM plus platinum doublets chemotherapy and patients without cytotoxic second chemotherapy had no statistical difference (P = 0.73). Smoking or not might be a meaningful predictor for cytotoxic second-line therapy among these patients in this investigation (P < 0.05). Other factors, such as age (≥65 or < 65), gender, alcohol use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, histology type, number of cycles of first-line chemotherapy, and response of first-line chemotherapy had no statistical difference between patients received first-line GEM plus platinum doublets chemotherapy and patients received cytotoxic second chemotherapy (P > 0.05). In the sub-analysis, we found that the OS between patients received first-line GEM plus platinum doublets chemotherapy and patients without cytotoxic second chemotherapy had statistical difference in the population whose OS < 540 days (P = 0.019). Moreover, in these patients, the blood type was found to be a selected factor in receiving cytotoxic second-line chemotherapy or not (P < 0.05). Whereas other factors were not shown their selected effect (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that though the essentiality of cytotoxic second-line chemotherapy for stage IIIa-IV EGFR mutation indefinite NSCLC is unclear, patients who are blood type AB with poor prognosis and short OS might be a dominant population for cytotoxic second-line chemotherapy.

Objective: To analyze the clinicopathological features of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and compare them with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), hoping to find the fact of ILC in China and assist the decision makers with proper individualized treatment. Materials and Methods: A nationwide multicenter retrospective study was performed. A total of 4211 primary breast cancer cases were randomly selected from 1999 to 2008 in seven regions of China. ILC cases were compared with IDC by clinicopathological features and molecular subtypes. Results: A total of 135 (3.2%) ILC and 3471 (82.4%) IDC cases were included for analysis. The age, tumor size, menopausal state, family history, nodal status, and stage of ILC were similar to that of IDC. ILC was more likely to be positive for estrogen receptor (65.5% vs. 57.7%) and progesterone receptor (64.7% vs. 58.5%), and less likely to overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (17.3% vs. 23.6%). Even though, these differences are not significant, the proportion of luminal A type of ILC is significantly larger than that of IDC (54.8% vs. 42.7%; P < 0.05). Conclusion: ILC has a larger proportion of luminal A type compared with IDC. Larger sample size study for better known of molecular subtypes of ILC is needed in future to individualize the treatment decision.

Objective: To further evaluate the clinical characteristics of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Methods: We reviewed the patient database of our hospital from 2001 to 2013 to evaluate and analyze the patients of SCLC with Lambert-Eaton syndrome. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of the patients were analyzed in this retrospective study. Results: From reviewing our hospital database, we included 5 SCLC patients with Lambert-Eaton syndrome from 202 SCLC subjects with an incidence rate of 2.5%. The median age of the 5 patients was 52 (41-71) with 4 male and 1 female. The myasthenia symptom can be detected in 2-20 months before the pathology confirmation for small cell lung carcinoma.  The general electromyography characteristics of Lambert-Eaton syndrome was reduction in action potential amplitude after repetitive peripheral never stimulation at low frequency and increased amplitude at high frequency. Conclusion: Lambert-Eaton syndrome was sometimes found in patients with SCLC which was useful for diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma in a relatively early stage.

Objective: The association between the myeloperoxidase (MPO) 463 G>A polymorphism and lung cancer risk remains controversial. We perform this meta-analysis to further evaluate the MPO 463G>A polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility. Materials and Methods: We performed the systemic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, WANFANG, and CNKI databases for molecular epidemiologic studies on the association of MPO 463G>A polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of MPO 463G>A polymorphism and lung cancer risk were calculated by random or fixed effect model. Results: Seven case-control studies including 1538 lung cancer patients in the case group and 1673 healthy controls in the control group were included in this study. MPO 463G>A polymorphism was not associated with lung cancer susceptibility under the condition of recessive genetic model (AA vs. GG+GA) (OR = 0.69, P > 0.05) and homozygous genetic model (AA vs. GG) (OR = 0.65, P > 0.05). However, we found significantly decreased risk of lung cancer under dominant genetic model (GA+AA vs. GG) (OR = 0.84, P < 0.05). And no publication bias was found in this meta-analysis for the three genetic models (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicated that people with AA genetic type may have decreased lung cancer risk under dominant genetic model.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity reduction of Shenqi Fuzheng injection in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Through searching the PubMed, WANFANG and CNKI, we recruited clinical trials related to Shenqi Fuzheng combined with radiation in the treatment of NSCLC. We extracted the treatment effective data and radiation related toxicities data. The clinical efficacy and radiation toxicity was pooled by meta-analysis. The statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by I ² tests. Results: By searching the related databases, we finally included 7 studies in this meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that Shenqi Fuzheng injection can improve the clinical efficacy (relative risk [RR] =1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.43), and decrease the radiation pneumonia (RR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.26-0.46), radiation esophagitis (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.37-0.59) and bone marrow suppression (RR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.36-0.53). Conclusion: Shenqi Fuzheng injection can improve the clinical efficacy and decrease the radiation toxicities in the NSCLC patients treated with radiation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of tumor M2 pyruvate kinase (tumor M2-PK) in the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Methods: The diagnosis clinical studies of tumor M2-PK in the diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer were electronic researched in the Medline, EMBASE, WANFANG, and CNIK databases. The data of true positive, false positive, false negative, and true negative were extracted from each of the individual studies. We use  Stata11.0 (http://www.stata.com; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX) and MetaDiSc 1.4 software to pool the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results: Eleven diagnostic clinical studies with 1294 subjects were included in this diagnostic meta-analysis. The combined sensitivity, specificity, positive likely hood ratio, negative likely hood ratio were 0.69 (0.65-0.72), 0.92 (0.89-0.94), 7.84 (5.92-10.38), 0.36 (0.32-0.40). And the area under the ROC curve was 0.92 (0.90-0.94). Conclusion: Serum tumor M2-PK can be a potential biomarker for diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Objective: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of human lung cancer, with highly aggressive, lethal malignancy and microRNAs have already been proven to be associated with NSCLC tumorigenesis. In this study, we sought to determine the expression, the clinical value and its role in NSCLC tumor progression. Methods: Clinical NSCLC tissues and common cell lines were collected. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify the miR-498 expression. In addition, the association of miR-498 expression with clinicalpathological factors and prognosis was statistically analyzed. Furthermore, cell proliferation was measured after miR-498 was overexpressed transiently in cells. Results: We found that miR-498 was significantly decreased in NSCLC tumors as well as cell lines, when compared with their separated controls. Decreased miR-498 expression was associated with sex, tumor type and tumor size. Functionally, ectopic expression of miR-498 in A549 and H661 cells inhibited cell proliferation. Conclusion: Our data indicated that miR-498 is downregulated and correlated with tumor progression, which might be a putitive therapeutic target in NSCLC treatment.

Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of comprehensive care on quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Methods: The clinical studies about comprehensive care on quality of life in patients with lung cancer were searched in the Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and WANFANG databases. The score of society function, emotional function, somatic function, cognitive function was collected in each of the included studies. And the data were pooled by Stata version 11.0 software. Result: Finally, three clinical studies including 536 cases were included in this meta-analysis. Significant statistical heterogeneity was existed in the three papers (P < 0.05). The data were pooled by random effect model. The combined results showed that the quality of life for lung cancer patients can be significantly improved in the aspects of society function (standardized mean difference [SMD] =0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.71), emotional function (SMD = 0.45, 0.12-0.78), somatic function (SMD = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.51-1.44), and cognitive function (SMD = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.83). Conclusion: Quality of life for lung cancer patients can be significantly improved through comprehensive care.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the risk factors for developing postthymectomy myasthenic crisis in thymoma patients. Patients and Methods: Patients with thymoma received thymectomy from January 2001 to December 2014 were reviewed and included in this retrospective study in Lishui People's Hospital. Seventy-seven patients were included in this study. For the 77 cases, 66 patients not developing postthymectomy myasthenic crisis were considered as a control group, and other 11 subjects developing postthymectomy myasthenic were considered as the case group. The potential risk factors such age, gender, Osseman stage, Masaoka, pyridostigmine bromide, and et al. were compared between case and control group firstly by Chi-square test or Student's t-test and then by logistic regression test. Results: Eleven patients developed postthymectomy myasthenic with the incidence of 14.3%; logistic regression analysis indicates that pyridostigmine bromide >360 mg/day administration (OR = 21.2, P < 0.05), postsurgery pulmonary infection (OR = 8.3, P < 0.05) and myasthenic crisis prior surgery (OR = 3.2, P < 0.05) were the independent risk factors for developing postthymectomy myasthenic crisis in thymoma patients. Conclusion: Thymoma patients with a large dosage of pyridostigmine bromide administration, postsurgery pulmonary infection and myasthenic crisis prior surgery were easy to have postthymectomy myasthenic crisis.

Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the clinical efficacy and side effects of Aidi injection combined with radiation in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: By searching PubMed, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials, EMBSE and CNKI databases, the efficacy and side effect data of Aidi injection combined with radiation in the treatment of NSCLC from the published clinical studies were collected. The data were pooled using  Stata version 11.0 software (http://www.stata.com; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Results: Ten clinical studies with1084 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The combined data showed the clinical efficacy in experiment group was higher than that of control group (risk ratio [RR] = 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52-1.96, P = 0.00); four articles reported the life quality improvement. The pooled data showed that the use of Aidi can significantly improve the quality of life in the procedure of radiation (RR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.76-2.98, P = 0.00); six studies reported the radiation toxicities. The pooled data showed that Aidi injection can significant decrease the radiation pneumonia (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0. 34-0.63), radiation esophagitis (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40-0.71), and marrow suppression (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.42-0.59). Conclusion: Aidi injection can improve the clinical efficacy, quality of life, and decrease the radiation-related toxicities in NSCLC patients who received radiation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postoperative complications for patients with adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction. Methods: Two hundred and eighty subjects with adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction who received operation were retrospectively analyzed from June 2006 to December 2010 in the Department of Oncology of First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China. The postoperative complication such as ventricular premature beat, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, heart failure, pulmonary infection, pulmonary atelectasis, respiratory failure, bronchospasm, anastomotic leakage, gastroplegia, pleural infection, and cerebral accident were reviewed and recorded by to doctors. Moreover, the correlation between clinical characteristics and postoperative complication was analyzed by statistical methods. Results: A total of 70 complications were found for the included 280 cases of adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction with general incidence of 25%. For the relationship between clinical characteristics and postoperative complication analysis, no significant association of gender, age, operation time, operative approach, tumor differentiation, and clinical states was found with the postoperative complications (P > 0.05); but the complication rate in patients with basic disease of heart and lung was significant than the patients without this kind of disease (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The positive operative complications for patients with adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction were relative high. Moreover, basic heart and lung diseases can increase the risk of developing positive operative complications.

Objective: The aim of this retrospectively study was to assess the clinical efficacy and toxicity of Herceptin as a single agent in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Methods: We retrospectively included and analyzed 31 metastasis breast cancer patients in our patient database. All of the included 31 patients were pathology confirmed of breast carcinoma with remote metastases and treated with Herceptin as a single agent. The clinical efficacy and drug-related toxicity were analyzed. Results: No complete response patients were observed for 31 cases. And 8 (26%) reached partial response 16 (52%) with stable disease. The objective response rate of the 31 patients was 23%. We further divided the 31 cases into three subgroups according to the treatment modality. The objective response rate was 36%, 14%, and 17% for the first-line, second-line, and third-line treatment modality, respectively. The objective response rate was not statistical different among the three subgroups (P > 0.05). The main drug-related adverse event were asthenia, chills, diarrhea, nausea, hypotension and dizziness with their incidence of 68%, 26%, 13%, 10%, 10%, and 6%, respectively, for each patients. Conclusion: Herceptin as a single agent was effective and safe in the treatment of patients with MBC.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in non-small cell lung cancer patients (NSLCPs) after thoracotomy. Materials and Methods: From January 2014 to March 2015, 40 patients of non-small cell lung cancer were recruited in this study and divided into two groups, (PCIA) group and control group with 20 patients in each group. The patients in the PCIA group were connected to intravenous self-control analgesia pump which contains 2 μg/ml of sufentanil and 8 mg of ondansetron diluting to 100 ml of 0.9% saline after surgery. Initial loading dose was 2 ml, background dose was 2 ml/h, single PCIA dose was 0.5 ml, and locking time 15 min. 10 mg of morphine was intramuscular injected, if necessary. Patients in the control group use an intramuscular injection of morphine 10 mg singly. The visual analog scale (VAS) score of the two groups were recorded in the time point of 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h. The morphine consumption of the two groups was also compared. Results: Patients in PCIA group after surgery, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h VAS score were obviously lower than those in control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression of patients in PCIA group was obviously lower than control group (P < 0.05). Consumption of postoperative morphine in PCIA group was obviously less than control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Intravenous PCIA-controlled intravenous analgesia can significantly decrease the VAS score without increasing the toxicity in NSLCP after thoracotomy.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare mesenchymal tumor, it can also be found on the trunk, head and neck, internal organs, and soft tissue. It has been named as inflammatory pseudotumor, plasma cell granuloma, solitary mast cell tumor, pseudotumor pneumonia and tissue cells, and other inflammatory pseudotumor. The main treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor patients is through surgical complete excision of the lesion.

Small intestinal metastasis from primary lung carcinoma is infrequent and seen at the terminal stage of the disease as the first sign. These patients are often present as perforation and peritonitis but rarely with small bowel obstruction. We reported a case of a 61-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital with acute abdominal pain. Abdominal X-ray manifested an acute ileus. Ileoileal resection-anastomosis was performed after removal of two separate tumors in the small intestine. Histopathological result indicated metastatic adenocarcinoma. The patient had not been diagnosed as any carcinoma or lung disease previously. The postoperative thorax computed tomography scan showed a lesion at the right lung, which was pathologically defined as adenocarcinoma of the lung by bronchial brushing. This case is reported to arouse a clinical suspicion of intestinal metastasis in undiagnosed primary lung cancer presenting with acute abdominal pain. Early diagnosis and treatments are vital for improving survival of the patients.

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (PLAM) is a rare disease, occurs in 16-68-year-old women, especially in women of childbearing age. High-resolution computed tomography would be useful for diagnosis of PLAM. Immunohistochemistry of  smooth muscle actin (SMA) and HMB-45 smooth muscle cells was positive for smooth muscle cells. Progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor in some smooth muscle cells were positive for some smooth muscle cells. HMB-45-positive diagnosis of the disease is more important.